Power management controller for drivers

ABSTRACT

A driver controller comprising a state machine for controlling transitions between a plurality of states. An output switch for providing a low impedance path to ground during transition periods. An output stage for decoupling output signal from driver amplifier during the transition periods.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to power management control of drivers, and morespecifically to a method and apparatus for power and pop managementcontrol for DC-coupled headphone drivers in PC High Definition (HD)audio codecs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Prior art audio driver designs for HD audio codecs have limited or nopower management. Such drivers do not have multiple power states, andonly toggle between full power and shutdown, which can cause thecreation of unpleasant audible audio artifacts. While some attempts havebeen made to address power management so as to reduce the generation ofunpleasant audio artifacts, those systems and methods did noteffectively deal with power management and elimination of audioartifacts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The current invention provides a method and apparatus for controllingpower to drivers that optimizes power use and eliminates audioartifacts.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, adriver controller comprising a state machine, such as a port controller,for controlling transitions between a plurality of states is provided.An output switch coupled to the state machine is used to provide a lowimpedance path to ground during transition periods. An output stagecoupled to the state machine is used to decouple the output signal fromthe driver amplifier during the transition periods.

Those skilled in the art will further appreciate the advantages andsuperior features of the invention together with other important aspectsthereof on reading the detailed description that follows in conjunctionwith the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system for managing drivers in accordance withan exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a state machine in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a system for managing drivers in accordance withan exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for managing drivers in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the description that follows, like parts are marked throughout thespecification and drawings with the same reference numerals,respectively. The drawing figures might not be to scale, and certaincomponents can be shown in generalized or schematic form and identifiedby commercial designations in the interest of clarity and conciseness.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system 100 for managing drivers in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. System 100 allowspower management for drivers to be accomplished without adverselyaffecting the performance of the devices associated with the drivers.

System 100 can be implemented in hardware, software or a suitablecombination of hardware and software, and can be one or more hardwarecomponents operating in conjunction with an integrated circuit. As usedherein, “hardware” can include a combination of discrete components, anintegrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit, a fieldprogrammable gate array, a digital signal processor, or other suitablehardware. As used herein, “software” can include one or more objects,agents, threads, lines of code, subroutines, separate softwareapplications, two or more lines of code or other suitable softwarestructures operating in two or more software applications or on two ormore processors, or other suitable software structures. In one exemplaryembodiment, software can include one or more lines of code or othersuitable software structures operating in a general purpose softwareapplication, such as an operating system, and one or more lines of codeor other suitable software structures operating in a specific purposesoftware application.

System 100 receives an audio signal from a digital to analog converter,which is provided to a mute switch that can toggle between an open statewhen a mute control is received to a closed state when no mute controlhas been received. Multiplexer 104 receives the audio signal and apersonal computer (PC) beep signal, which can be generated by the PCbased on a number of predetermined operating events. Beep detection 110is used to provide a control signal to multiplexer 104 when the audiosignal and the PC beep signal are present, and provides a beep presencesignal to port controller 102.

Driver amplifier 106 is used to amplify the signal provided frommultiplexer 104, and provides an output to output stage 108, which isused to provide novel control and power management functions as well asdrive the output signal into a low-impedance load. Reference currentgenerator 112 provides a constant current signal to driver amplifier 106and an adjustable current signal to output stage 108, based upon anoutput bias adjust signal received from port controller 102. Driveramplifier 106 can also receive a power down signal from port controller102.

Output stage controller 116 receives control data from port controller102 and provides status data to port controller 102. Output stagecontroller also provides a ramp enable signal to output stage enableswitch, and receives status signals from charge pump 114, which providesa negative voltage supply to output stage 108. Output stage 108 alsoreceives a positive voltage supply, as described below.

System 100 includes port controller 102, which can be a state machinethat provides control and sequencing of driver blocks. In one exemplaryembodiment, port controller 102 can provide a state machine forheadphone driver blocks or other suitable driver blocks in a highdefinition (HD) audio system. Digital to analog converter (DAC) stateinformation is provided to port controller 102, as well as HD audiointerface control data, and port controller uses that data inconjunction with other external data such as PC beep data and externalmute data to control and sequence headphone driver states andoperations.

Port controller 102 receives a clock signal from oscillator 120, whichcan be a resistor-capacitor oscillator circuit or other suitableoscillators. An internal reset control is provided for port controller102, which allows port controller 102 to operate even when the HD audiointerface is disabled. In this manner, port controller 102 can respondto PC beep data even when the PC is in a shut down state. Portcontroller 102 can also receive an external mute signal, a digital toanalog converter state signal, an HD audio interface control signal, asignal from power on reset 118 to clock all state machines, and othersuitable signals.

Port controller 102 is coupled to output switch 122 and other componentsof system 100, and can provide an output switch enable signal. As usedherein, the term “coupled” and its cognate terms such as “couples” or“couple,” can include a physical connection (such as a wire, opticalfiber, or a telecommunications medium), a virtual connection (such asthrough randomly assigned memory locations of a data memory device or ahypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) link), a logical connection (such asthrough one or more semiconductor devices in an integrated circuit),other suitable connections, or a suitable combination of connections.

Output switch 122 provides a low impedance path to ground for thedriver, such as a headphone driver or other suitable drivers. In oneexemplary embodiment, output switch 122 can suppress undesirable audiodata such as pops and ticks when used with a headphone driver and theheadphone driver is powered up and in an undetermined state. In thisexemplary embodiment, a large amount of capacitance may be presentbetween the output node and the power supply of the driver, such thatwhen the power supply ramps up or ramps down, the output node will trackthe ramp and create undesirable audio artifacts, unless there is a lowimpedance path to ground.

Output stage 108 can drive a large signal into a low impedance load with0.0 volts common mode when enabled. In one exemplary embodiment, thepositive supply to output stage 108 can be 3.3 volts, and the negativesupply from charge pump 114 can be adjusted from −2.0 to −2.6 volts,when enabled. Other suitable voltage levels can also or alternatively beused. Because charge pump 114 can be provided on the same integratedcircuit as the other components of system 100, charge pump 114 can bedisabled when it is not needed, such as when the headphone driver orother suitable drivers are disabled.

Output stage 108 decouples the output signal from the driver amplifier106, the positive supply and negative supply when the output stage 108is disabled. The output stage 108 is kept disabled during thetransitions of the negative and positive supplies, as well as during thepower up and power down transitions of the driver amplifier. When theoutput stage 108 is disabled, the output switch 122 is enabled so thatthe output node is held to 0.0 volts.

After the positive supply, the negative supply and the driver amplifier106 are enabled, output stage 108 is enabled. The output stage enablesignal is ramped slowly to avoid sudden transients on the output node.The output from reference current generator 112 is then increased, andfinally the output switch 122 is disabled, such that the headphonedriver or other suitable driver is in its normal closed-loopconfiguration and driving the signal.

Reference current generator 112 can be used to bias output stage 108with an adjustable reference current. In one exemplary embodiment, thebias current can be adjusted to a low percentage of its functionalvalue, such as 1.0 percent or other suitable values, so that outputstage 108 does not generate any discontinuities or other undesirableoutput, because the output node is held at 0.0 volts by output switch122. If the bias current from reference current generator 112 is notreduced, then output stage 108 will be capable of overdriving the outputswitch and creating undesirable audio artifacts.

In operation, system 100 provides power management for a driver, such asan audio coder-decoder driver or other suitable drivers, whicheliminates undesired signals during transition states. System 100controls power to output nodes so as to prevent power from being appliedduring transition events when the additional power would create unwantedsignals or other unwanted audio artifacts.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a state machine 200 in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. State machine 200 can beused by port controller 102 of system 100 or other suitable systems toprovide control and power management, and for other suitable functions.

State machine 200 includes reset state 202, which can be used to controlthe state of port controller 102 or other suitable systems if anassociated driver for an interface, such as an HD audio interface,generates state data that defines a driver node as being disabled, in amode other than full-power, or other suitable state data. In oneexemplary embodiment, reset state 202 transitions to reset to muteconversion state 204 if an HD audio interface specifies that the drivernode is both enabled and at full power, if an HD audio interfacespecifies that the driver node is enabled and PC beep is detected, orbased on other suitable data. If the reset state 202 detects or receivestransition data, reset state 202 transitions to reset to mute conversionstate 204.

In one exemplary embodiment, reset to mute conversion state 204 can be atransition state that can be used to allow the driver amplifier, such asdriver amplifier 106 of FIG. 1, and the output stage, such as outputstage 108 of FIG. 1, to power up. In this exemplary embodiment, thedriver amplifier can be powered up, and then a negative supply such ascharge pump 114 of FIG. 1 can be enabled. When the negative supply hassettled, the output stage can be enabled. In this exemplary embodiment,a transition from reset to mute conversion state 204 to mute state 206can occur when enabling of the output stage is completed or in othersuitable situations.

Mute state 206 can be used to allow a connected digital to analogconverter or other suitable devices to power up before allowingtransition to enabled state 210 or for other suitable purposes. In oneexemplary embodiment, where a digital to analog converter audio signalis played through a driver, the output stage bias, such as fromreference current generator 112, can be increased to 100 percent orother suitable levels, at which point output switch 122 is disabled. Inanother exemplary embodiment, mute state 206 can be used to generatebeeps through the driver in the event a PC beep is received, or othersuitable processes can be managed by mute state 206. Mute state 206 thenallows a transition to enabled state when one or more predeterminedstate variables are at predetermined values.

Enabled state 210 can be used to monitor for one or more conditions totransition back to mute state 206. In one exemplary embodiment, atransition to mute state 206 can be triggered if an HD audio interfacespecifies that the driver node is disabled, not at full power, or ifother driver node conditions exist. In another exemplary embodiment, atransition to mute state 206 can be triggered if a connected digital toanalog converter is no longer enabled, has completed its ramping so thatit is driving 0.0 volts, or has other predetermined states, such as toprevent generation of audio artifacts that can be caused by datatruncation or other events. In another exemplary embodiment, atransition to mute state 206 can be triggered if an external mute signalis activated. Likewise, other suitable events or data can be used tocause a transition from enabled state 210 to mute state 206.

Once a transition from enabled state 210 to mute state 206 has occurredor in other suitable situations, a transition to mute to resetconversion state 208 can occur. In one exemplary embodiment, if aconnected digital to analog converter is no longer enabled, hascompleted its ramping so that it is driving 0.0 volts, or has otherpredetermined states, the transition to mute to reset conversion state208 can occur. Likewise, other suitable conditions or data can be usedto transition from mute state 206 to mute to reset conversion state 208.In one exemplary embodiment, output switch 122 can first be enabled,then the output stage bias can be reduced to 1.0 percent or othersuitable values, after which output stage power down sequencing or othersuitable functions can be started. After the output stage is fullypowered down, the negative supply, such as charge pump 114 of FIG. 1,can be disabled, the amplifier, such as amplifier 106 of FIG. 1, can bedisabled, and mute to reset conversion state 208 can then transition toreset state 202.

In operation, state machine 200 can be used to provide substantial powersavings, such as where a PC is in a full power state but audio playbackthrough a headphone driver has been disabled. State machine 200 allowscomponents of a driver system to be powered off without the generationof audio artifacts, unlike prior art systems and methods that requiredsome components to remain powered up to maintain bias or suppressgeneration of audio artifacts. State machine 200 also requires nodependence on the main voltage reference, such that operation of anassociated driver is not delayed where there is a long ramp-up time forthe main voltage reference. Likewise, power down is not limited by thestate of the main voltage reference. For example, a headphone driver canbe disabled when a main voltage reference is enabled.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a system 300 for managing drivers in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. System 300 allowspower management for drivers to be accomplished without adverselyaffecting the performance of the devices associated with the drivers.

System 300 can be implemented in hardware, software or a suitablecombination of hardware and software, and can be one or more hardwarecomponents operating in conjunction with an integrated circuit. System300 receives a driver input signal, which is provided to a disableswitch, which can toggle between an open state when a disable control isreceived to a closed state when no disable control has been received.Multiplexer 304 receives the driver input signal and a PC signal, whichcan be generated by the PC based on a number of predetermined operatingevents. PC signal detection 310 is used to control multiplexer 304 whenthe driver input signal and the PC signal are present, and provides a PCsignal presence input to port controller 302.

Driver amplifier 306 is used to amplify the signal provided frommultiplexer 304, and provides an output to output stage 308, which isused to provide novel control and power management functions as well asdrive the output signal into a low-impedance load. Driver amplifier 306can also receive a power down signal from port controller 302.

Output stage controller 312 receives control data from port controller302 and provides status data to port controller 302. Output stagecontroller also provides a ramp enable signal to output stage enableswitch, and provides power, control or other suitable signals to andreceives power, control or other suitable signals from output stage 308.Output stage 308 can also receive a positive voltage supply.

System 300 includes port controller 302, which can be a state machinethat provides control and sequencing of driver blocks. In one exemplaryembodiment, port controller 302 can provide a state machine for driverblocks for a peripheral device for a PC. Driver state information isprovided to port controller 302, as well as driver interface controldata, and port controller 302 uses that data in conjunction with otherexternal data such as PC signal data and external control data tocontrol and sequence driver states and operations.

Port controller 302 receives a clock signal from oscillator 316, whichcan be a resistor-capacitor oscillator circuit or other suitableoscillators. An internal reset control is provided for port controller302, which allows port controller 302 to operate even when the driverinterface is disabled. In this manner, port controller 302 can respondto PC signal data even when the PC is in a shut down state. Portcontroller 302 can also receive an external control signal, a driverstate signal, a driver interface control signal, power on reset 314 toclock all state machines, and other suitable signals and data.

Port controller 302 is coupled to output switch 318, and can provide anoutput switch enable signal. Output switch 318 provides a low impedancepath to ground for the driver. In one exemplary embodiment, outputswitch 318 can suppress undesirable transients when used with a driverthat is sensitive to transients and the driver is powered up and in anundetermined state. In this exemplary embodiment, a large amount ofcapacitance may be present between the output node and the power supplyof the driver, such that when the power supply ramps up or ramps down,the output node will track the ramp up and create undesirabletransients, unless there is a low impedance path to ground.

Output stage 308 can drive a large signal into a low impedance load with0.0 volts common mode when enabled. In one exemplary embodiment, thepositive supply to output stage 308 can be 3.3 volts. Output stage 308decouples the output signal from the driver amplifier 306 and any supplywhen the output stage 308 is disabled. The output stage 308 is keptdisabled during the transitions of any supply, as well as during thepower up and power down transitions of the driver amplifier. When theoutput stage 308 is disabled, the output switch 318 is enabled so thatthe output node is held to 0.0 volts during the ramp.

After any supply and the driver amplifier 306 are fully enabled outputstage 308 is enabled. The output stage enable signal is ramped slowly toavoid sudden transients on the output node. Output switch 318 is thendisabled, such that the driver is in its normal closed-loopconfiguration and driving the signal.

Output stage controller 312 can also be used to bias output stage 308with an adjustable reference current. In one exemplary embodiment, thebias current can be adjusted to a low percentage of its functionalvalue, such as 1.0 percent or other suitable values, so that outputstage 308 does not generate any discontinuities or other undesirableoutput, because the output node is held at 0.0 volts by output switch318. If the bias current from output stage controller 312 is notreduced, then output stage 308 will be capable of overdriving the outputswitch and creating undesirable signals.

In operation, system 300 provides power management for a driver, whicheliminates undesired signals during transition states. System 300controls power to output nodes so as to prevent power from being appliedduring transition events when the additional power would create unwantedsignals or data.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method 400 for managing drivers inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Method400 can be implemented in a programmable device, by an integratedcircuit and associated components, or in other suitable manners.

Method 400 begins at 402, where a state machine is powered on. In oneexemplary embodiment, the state machine can have an associated clockthat is used to control the timing of the operations of the statemachine. The method then proceeds to 404.

At 404, state variables are determined, such as the power settings ofamplifier and output stages, output stage current bias, output switchstate, mute control data and other suitable state data. The method thenproceeds to 406.

At 406, it is determined whether the current state is a reset state. Ifthe current state is not a reset state, the method proceeds to 410,otherwise the method proceeds to 408 where a transition to disable isperformed, such as when predetermined state variables reachpredetermined values. In one exemplary embodiment, where the disabledstate is a mute state, the transition to disable can occur after it isdetermined that output stage power up has been completed. The methodthen returns to 404.

At 410, it is determined whether the current state is an enabled state.If the current state is not an enabled state, the method proceeds to414, otherwise the method proceeds to 412 where a transition to disableis performed, such as when predetermined state variables reachpredetermined values. In one exemplary embodiment, where the disabledstate is a mute state, a transition from the enabled state to the mutestate can occur when a driver is no longer enabled or in full power, ifa digital to analog convert is no longer enabled, if an external mutecontrol has been received, or based on other suitable conditions. Themethod then returns to 404.

At 414, it is determined whether the current state is a disabled state.If the current state is not a disabled state, the method returns to 404,otherwise the method proceeds to 416 where it is determined whether totransition to enabled. In one exemplary embodiment, when the disabledstate is a mute state, a transition to enable is performed at 418 if adriver is enabled and at full power, and if a digital to analogconverter that is connected to the driver is enabled and at full power.The method then returns to 404. If it is determined at 416 not totransition to enabled, the method proceeds to 420.

At 420, it is determined whether to transition to reset. If it isdetermined not to transition to reset, the method returns to 404.Otherwise, the method proceeds to 422 where a transition to reset isperformed. In one exemplary embodiment, where a driver is no longerenabled or in full power, if PC beep has ended or if an external mute isactivated, transition to reset can be performed when the output stage isin low bias, the output switch is enabled, and the output stage ispowered down. The transition to reset can then be completed when theoutput stage power down is complete.

In operation, method 400 provides for managing transitions between threeor more different states, such as for a driver for an HD audio interfaceor other suitable components. Method 400 allows power management to beperformed to prevent the generation of unwanted signals.

Although exemplary embodiments of an apparatus of the present inventionhave been described in detail herein, those skilled in the art will alsorecognize that various substitutions and modifications can be made tothe apparatus without departing from the scope and spirit of theappended claims.

1. A driver controller comprising: a state machine for controllingtransitions between a plurality of states; an output switch coupled tothe state machine for providing a low impedance path to ground duringtransition periods; an output stage coupled to the state machine forcontrolling signal processing during the transition periods; anamplifier for amplifying an input signal; and a reference currentgenerator coupled to the amplifier and the output stage for providing aconstant current to the amplifier and an adjustable current to an outputstage controller.
 2. The driver controller of claim 1 wherein the statemachine comprises a port controller for receiving a plurality of statevariables and determining state transitions based on the statevariables.
 3. The driver controller of claim 1 wherein the state machinecomprises a port controller for receiving external mute state data,digital to analog converter state data, high definition audio interfacecontrol data, and personal computer beep data and determining statetransitions between a reset state, a mute state and an enabled statebased on the state variables.
 4. The driver controller of claim 1wherein the output stage controller is coupled to the output stage andthe state machine, and the output stage controller is configured toreceive control data from the state machine and to provide status datato the state machine.
 5. The driver controller of claim 1 furthercomprising a charge pump coupled to the output stage controller and theoutput stage, the charge pump for providing a negative voltage to theoutput stage in response to control data received from the output stagecontroller.
 6. The driver controller of claim 1 further comprising: anamplifier for amplifying an input signal; and a reference currentgenerator coupled to the amplifier and the output stage for providingcurrent to the amplifier and the output stage controller.
 7. The drivercontroller of claim 1 further comprising: a clock coupled to the statemachine; and power on reset circuitry coupled to the state machine,wherein the clock and the power on reset circuitry are for controllingpower up of the state machine.
 8. The driver controller of claim 1wherein the state machine comprises a reset state that includes atransition to a reset to mute conversion state.
 9. The driver controllerof claim 1 wherein the state machine comprises a reset to muteconversion state that includes a transition to a mute state.
 10. Thedriver controller of claim 1 wherein the state machine comprises a mutestate that includes a transition to an enabled state and a mute to resetconversion state.
 11. The driver controller of claim 1 wherein the statemachine comprises an enabled state that includes a transition to a mutestate.
 12. A driver controller comprising: a state machine forcontrolling transitions between a plurality of states, the state machinefurther comprising: a port controller for receiving external mute statedata, digital to analog converter state data, high definition audiointerface control data, and personal computer beep data and determiningstate transitions between a reset state, a mute state and an enabledstate based on the state variables; the reset state includes atransition to a reset to mute conversion state; the reset to muteconversion state includes a transition to the mute state; the mute stateincludes a transition to the enabled state and a mute to resetconversion state; the enabled state includes a transition to the mutestate; and the mute to reset conversion state includes a transition tothe reset state; an output switch coupled to the state machine forproviding a low impedance path to ground during transition periods; anoutput stage coupled to the state machine for controlling signalprocessing during the transition periods; an output stage controllercoupled to the output stage and the state machine, the output stagecontroller for receiving control data from the state machine andproviding status data to the state machine; a charge pump coupled to theoutput stage controller and the output stage, the charge pump forproviding a negative voltage to the output stage in response to controldata received from the output stage controller; an amplifier foramplifying an input signal; a reference current generator coupled to theamplifier and the output stage for providing a constant current to theamplifier and an adjustable current the output stage controller; a clockcoupled to the state machine; and power on reset circuitry coupled tothe state machine, wherein the clock and the power on reset circuitryare for controlling power up of the state machine.
 13. A drivercontroller comprising: a state machine configured to control transitionsbetween a plurality of states, wherein the state machine comprises aport controller configured to receive external mute state data, digitalto analog converter state data, high definition audio interface controldata, and personal computer beep data and to determine state transitionsbetween a reset state, a mute state and an enabled state based on thestate variables; an output switch coupled to the state machine andconfigured to provide a low impedance path to ground during transitionperiods; and an output stage coupled to the state machine and configuredto control signal processing during the transition periods.
 14. Thedriver controller of claim 13 further comprising an output stagecontroller coupled to the output stage and the state machine andconfigured to receive control data from the state machine and to providestatus data to the state machine.
 15. The driver controller of claim 13further comprising a charge pump coupled to the output stage controllerand the output stage, the charge pump is configured to provide anegative voltage to the output stage in response to control datareceived from an output stage controller.
 16. The driver controller ofclaim 13 further comprising: an amplifier configured to amplify an inputsignal; and a reference current generator coupled to the amplifier andan output stage and configured to provide current to the amplifier andan output stage controller.
 17. The driver controller of claim 13further comprising an amplifier for amplifying an input signal.
 18. Thedriver controller of claim 17 further comprising a reference currentgenerator coupled to the amplifier and the output stage for providing aconstant current to the amplifier and an adjustable current to an outputstage controller.
 19. The driver controller of claim 13 furthercomprising a clock coupled to the state machine.
 20. The drivercontroller of claim 19 further comprising power on reset circuitrycoupled to the state machine, wherein the clock and the power on resetcircuitry are for controlling power up of the state machine.